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Market fundamentalism (also known as free market fundamentalism) is a pejorative term applied to a strong belief in the ability of ''laissez-faire'' or free market policies to solve most economic and social problems.〔(Block,Fred. ''Market Fundamentalism'', Longview Institute )〕 Critics of laissez-faire policies have used the term to denote what they perceive as a misguided belief, or deliberate deception, that free markets provide the greatest possible equity and prosperity,〔(Block,Fred. ''Reframing the Political Battle: Market Fundamentalism vs. Moral Economy.'', Longview Institute )〕 and that any interference with the market process decreases social well being. Users of the term include adherents of interventionist, mixed economy and protectionist positions,〔(Bidstrup, Scott. ''Free Market Fundamentalism: Friedman, Pinochet and the "Chilean Miracle"'', Revised 10/15/02 )〕 as well as billionaires such as George Soros,〔(Beams, Nick. ''Soros warns of "market fundamentalism"''. WSWS : News & Analysis : World Economy 22 December 1998 )〕 economists such as Nobel Laureates Joseph Stiglitz,〔(Stiglitz, Joseph. ''Redefining the Role of the State - What should it do ? How should it do it ? And how should these decisions be made?'' Paper presented at the Tenth Anniversary of MITI Research Institute, Tokyo, March 1998. )〕 Paul Krugman and Cornell University historian Edward E. Baptist.〔Edward Baptist (September 7, 2014). (What the ''Economist'' Doesn't Get About Slavery—And My Book ). ''Politico.'' Retrieved May 23, 2015.〕 George Soros suggests that market fundamentalism includes the belief that the best interests in a given society are achieved by allowing its participants to pursue their own financial self-interest with no restraint or regulatory oversight.〔〔Soros, George, ("The worst market crisis in 60 years. )" ''Financial Times'', January 22, 2008 19:57〕 Critics claim that in modern society with world-wide conglomerates, or even merely large companies, the individual has no protection against fraud nor harm caused by products that maximize income by imposing externalities on the individual consumer as well as society. According to economist John Quiggin, the standard features of economic fundamentalist rhetoric are dogmatic assertions combined with the claim that anyone who holds contrary views is not a real economist.〔Quiggin, John. ''Rationalism and Rationality in Economics'', 1999, On Line Opinion,www.onlineopinion.com.au〕 This approach follows from evidence that neoclassical economics provides a scientific explanation of economic phenomena, an explanation that economists state represents the status of scientific truth (if, and only if, all of the assumptions involved in deriving the economic analysis are simultaneously satisfied). However, Kozul-Wright states in his book ''The Resistible Rise of Market Fundamentalism'' that "ineluctability of market forces" neo-liberals and conservative politicians tend to stress, and their confidence on a chosen policy, rest on a "mixture of implicit and hidden assumptions, myths about the history of their own countries' economic development, and special interests camouflaged in their rhetoric of general good".〔KOZUL-WRIGHT, Richard and RAYMENT, Paul. ''The Resistible Rise of Market Fundamentalism: Rethinking Development Policy in an Unbalanced World''. London: Zed Books Ltd, 2007 p. 14 and Chapter 6〕 ==History of the term== The expression "market fundamentalism" was popularized by business magnate and philanthropist George Soros in his book ''The Crisis of Global Capitalism'' (1998),〔(BRESLOW,Marc. ''George Soros: Beware Market Fundamentalism''. Dollars & Sense, issue #221, January-February 1999 )〕 in which he writes "This idea was called laissez faire in the nineteenth century... I have found a better name for it: market fundamentalism.".〔SOROS, George. ''The Crisis of Global Capitalism'' Public Affairs, 1998.〕 P. Sainath believes Jeremy Seabrook, a journalist and campaigner, first used the term.〔( SAINATH,P. ''And then there was the market.'' )〕 The term was used by John Langmore and John Quiggin in their 1994 book ''Work for All''. A full description of the origins of the free market economics dating as far back to the conception of natural laws as mathematical, eternal and absolute—a reflection of some perfect mathematical form—derived from ancient Greek philosophers Pythagoras (569–500 BC) and Plato, and reinvigorated by the Enlightenment is well beyond the scope of this article, but can be read on Chapter 4, (''A Brief Account of the Historical Origins of Economic Fundamentalism'' ), in Dr. Lee Boldman's book (2007).〔Boldeman, Dr. Lee. . 2007, Canberra: The Australian National University ANU E Press. ISBN 978-1-921313-53-0, p. 13〕 The expression is now used by various authors writing on economic topics to signify an allegedly unjustified belief in the ability of markets to solve all problems in a society.〔(''Market fundamentalism'' The Language of Philosophy - Dictionary and Research Guide, Enlexica, Inc. )〕 The term has been used, pejoratively, to criticize some groups which are mainly viewed as advocating strongly against "any" state regulation and defend a "totally" free market.〔 It is also used to disparage the arguments of the proponents of "the virtues of radical free-market economics" or, in Soros' own words, against the "ideology" which "has put financial capital into the driver's seat."〔 Joseph E. Stiglitz used the term in his autobiographical essay in acceptance of Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences to criticize some International Monetary Fund policies: "More broadly, the IMF was advocating a set of policies which is generally referred to alternatively as the Washington consensus, the neo-liberal doctrines, or market fundamentalism, based on an incorrect understanding of economic theory and (what I viewed) as an inadequate interpretation of the historical data." 〔(Autobiographical essay in acceptance of the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel )〕 The sociologists Fred L. Block and Margaret Somers use the label "because the term conveys the quasi-religious certainty expressed by contemporary advocates of market self-regulation."〔Fred Block and Margaret R. Somers. ''(The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi's Critique ).'' Harvard University Press, 2014. ISBN 0674050711. 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